Nutritional genomics, inflammation and obesity

ABSTRACT The Human Genome Project has significantly broadened our understanding of the molecular aspects regulating the homeostasis and the pathophysiology of different clinical conditions. Consequently, the field of nutrition has been strongly influenced by such improvements in knowledge - especially for determining how nutrients act at the molecular level in different conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this manner, characterizing how the genome influences the diet and vice-versa provides insights about the molecular mechanisms involved in chronic inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to discuss the potential application of Nutritional Genomics to modulate obesity-related inflammatory responses. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):205-22

A high-carbohydrate diet induces greater inflammation than a high-fat diet in mouse skeletal muscle

We previously reported that both the high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD) given for two months promote lipid deposition and inflammation in the liver and brain of mice. The results obtained indicate a tissue-specific response to both diets. Herein, we compared the effects of HCD and HFD on fatty acid (FA) composition and inflammation in the gastrocnemius muscle. Male Swiss mice were fed with HCD or HFD for 1 or 2 months. Saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), n-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA), and n-6 PUFA were quantified. The activities of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), Δ-6 desaturase (D6D), elongase 6, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) were estimated. As for indicators of the inflammatory tissue state, we measured myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and gene expression of F4/80, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, and IL-10. The HCD led to a lower deposition of SFA, MUFA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA compared to HFD. However, the HCD increased arachidonic acid levels, SFA/n-3 PUFA ratio, DNL, SCD-1, D6D, and MPO activities, and expression of IL-6, contrasting with the general idea that increased lipid deposition is associated with more intense inflammation. The HCD was more potent to induce skeletal muscle inflammation than the HFD, regardless of the lower lipid accumulation.

Palta: compuestos bioactivos y sus potenciales beneficios en salud / Bioactive compounds and potential health benefits of avocado

RESUMEN La palta es un tipo de fruta tropical autóctona de Guatemala y México, caracterizada por su alto contenido de lípidos, principalmente por ácido oleico (>50% de lípidos totales) y rica en fitoquímicos como vitamina E, carotenoides, polifenoles y luteína, compuestos asociados a una fuerte actividad antioxidante. El consumo mundial de palta muestra un crecimiento exponencial, por lo que resulta relevante aumentar la investigación de este fruto no sólo de la pulpa, sino también de su semilla, e investigar el potencial impacto en la salud cardiovascular, cáncer y otras actividades antipatógenas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sugerir con fundamento científico el consumo de este fruto, tanto de su pulpa como semilla, principalmente en la prevención y tratamiento de las enfermedades crónicas.

ABSTRACT Avocado is a type of tropical fruit native to Guatemala and Mexico. It is characterized by its high lipid, mainly oleic acid (> 50% of total lipids), content and rich in phytochemicals such as vitamin E, carotenoids, polyphenols and lutein, compounds associated with strong antioxidant activity. Worldwide avocado consumption shows an exponential growth, therefore it is important to investigate, not only the pulp, but also the seed, of this fruit and its potential impact on cardiovascular health, cancer and other antipathogenic activities. The objective of this review was to suggest with scientific support the consumption of this fruit, both of its pulp and seed, mainly in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.

The effect of low-carbohydrate/high-monounsaturated fatty acids nutrition program for patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the effect of low-carbohydrate/high-monounsaturated fatty acids (LC/HMD) nutrition program for patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke. Methods Thirty-seven patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) were enrolled in this study, and these patients were treated with liquid food nutritional support. All patients were given high-carbohydrate (HCD) nutritional support at the first and second day and then changed to LC/HMD nutrition program. The blood glucose fluctuations were monitored by continuous glucose monitoring(CGM) system. Meanwhile the daily dose of insulin injections, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and biochemical indicators were detected. for just admission and just give LC after/HMD nutrition program and three months later on HbA1c and blood biochemical indexes were detected. Results 3 months after LC/HMD nutrition program treatment, the levels of mean amplitude of plasma glucose excursions (MAGE), ratio of hyperglycemia to time, ratio of glycopenia to time, HbA1c, daily dose of insulin injections were significantly improved compared with those at the 2nd of LC/HMD nutrition program treatment and with HCD nutritional support (P < 0.05). Three months after LC/HMD nutrition program treatment, the levels of blood biochemistry index had no significant change (P > 0.05). Three months after LC/HMD nutrition program treatment, the blood glucose fluctuations significantly reduced in all patients. Conclusions For patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke and receiving liquid food treament, LC/HMD nutrition program can significantly improve glycemic index, reduce dependence on insulin, and lower blood sugar fluctuations.

The effect of low-carbohydrate/high-monounsaturated fatty acids nutrition program for patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the effect of low-carbohydrate/high-monounsaturated fatty acids (LC/HMD) nutrition program for patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke. Methods Thirty-seven patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) were enrolled in this study, and these patients were treated with liquid food nutritional support. All patients were given high-carbohydrate (HCD) nutritional support at the first and second day and then changed to LC/HMD nutrition program. The blood glucose fluctuations were monitored by continuous glucose monitoring(CGM) system. Meanwhile the daily dose of insulin injections, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and biochemical indicators were detected. for just admission and just give LC after/HMD nutrition program and three months later on HbA1c and blood biochemical indexes were detected. Results 3 months after LC/HMD nutrition program treatment, the levels of mean amplitude of plasma glucose excursions (MAGE), ratio of hyperglycemia to time, ratio of glycopenia to time, HbA1c, daily dose of insulin injections were significantly improved compared with those at the 2nd of LC/HMD nutrition program treatment and with HCD nutritional support (P < 0.05). Three months after LC/HMD nutrition program treatment, the levels of blood biochemistry index had no significant change (P > 0.05). Three months after LC/HMD nutrition program treatment, the blood glucose fluctuations significantly reduced in all patients. Conclusions For patients with diabetes mellitus and stroke and receiving liquid food treament, LC/HMD nutrition program can significantly improve glycemic index, reduce dependence on insulin, and lower blood sugar fluctuations.

Effect of nutrients on total lipid content and fatty acids profile of Scenedesmus obliquus

ABSTRACT The effect of nutrients on the total lipid content and fatty acid profile of Scenedesmus obliquus isolated from the south coast of the Caspian Sea was evaluated. The nutritional compositions of the media impacted the growth rate and biomass of S. obliquus that ranged from 0.175 day-1 to 0.209 day-1and 0.92 gr·l-1 to 1.79 gr·l-1, respectively. The alga grew better in the medium which was characterized by higher levels of sodium and trace elements such as Fe, Mn, Mo, and Co and poor in N and P as compared with the other media. The highest level of the total lipid (32%) and the highest values of saturated fatty acids, in particular palmitic acid also were positively correlated with these nutrients. Peaks in polyunsaturated fatty acids (43.7 %), especially α-linolenic acid (28.4%) were related to N and P, but its correlation with K and Mg was more evident. The most important factors correlated with high amount of monounsaturated fatty acids were also N and P, followed by K and Mg to a lesser extent. This study demonstrated that the same algal strain may be a source of different amount of fatty acids, depending on the composition of the culture medium.

Ingestão de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e metabolismo lipídico / Monounsaturated fatty acid intake and lipid metabolism

Esta revisão teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir os achados mais recentes do efeito dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI) sobre marcadores plasmáticos do metabolismo lipídico em estudos pós-prandiais e de intervenção clínica nutricional. Realizou-se busca em diferentes bases de dados entre 2010 e 2014, usando os seguintes termos de indexação: MUFA, Lipemia, Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides e Postprandial. O consumo de refeição com alto conteúdo de AGMI tem demonstrado efeito benéfico na resposta lipidêmica pós-prandial, mas se essa resposta pode ser alterada em indivíduos com excesso de peso e/ou outras doenças crônicas após consumo de AGMI, ainda não está totalmente elucidado. De modo geral, após a intervenção com AGMI, os fatores de risco cardiovascular diminuíram, além de haver melhora no perfil lipídico. Em conclusão, os estudos recentes têm demonstrado um efeito benéfico do consumo de AGMI em curto e longo prazos, mediante aumento/manutenção das concentrações de HDL colesterol e diminuição do LDL colesterol.

The objective of this review is to present and discuss the most recent findings related to the effects of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on plasma markers of lipid metabolism observed in postprandial studies and clinical nutritional intervention studies. Searches were conducted on several different databases for publications from 2010 to 2014 using the following keywords: MUFA, Lipemia, Lipid Metabolism, Triglycerides and Postprandial. High-MUFA meal has presented beneficial effect on postprandial lipidemia response, but it is not yet completely clear whether this response to MUFA intake may be different in people with excess weight and/or other chronic diseases. In general, cardiovascular risk factors were reduced and lipid profiles improved after interventions with MUFA. In conclusion, recent studies have demonstrated that consuming MUFA has beneficial effects at short and long time by increasing/maintaining HDL-cholesterol concentrations and reducing levels of LDL cholesterol.

Evaluation of fish oil-rich in MUFAs for anti-diabetic and anti-inflammation potential in experimental type 2 diabetic rats

The advantages of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been well established. However, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-diabetic action of MUFAs remain unclear. This study examined the anti-hyperglycemic effect and explored the molecular mechanisms involved in the actions of fish oil- rich in MUFAs that had been acquired from hybrid catfish (Pangasius larnaudii×Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) among experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetic rats that were fed with fish oil (500 and 1,000 mg/kg BW) for 12 weeks significantly reduced the fasting plasma glucose levels without increasing the plasma insulin levels. The diminishing levels of plasma lipids and the muscle triglyceride accumulation as well as the plasma leptin levels were identified in T2DM rats, which had been administrated with fish oil. Notably, the plasma adiponectin levels increased among these rats. The fish oil supplementation also improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic histological changes. Moreover, the supplementation of fish oil improved insulin signaling (p-Akt(Ser473) and p-PKC-ζ/λ(Thr410/403)), p-AMPK(Thr172) and membrane GLUT4 protein expressions, whereas the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and nuclear NF-κB) as well as p-PKC-θ(Thr538) were down regulated in the skeletal muscle. These data indicate that the effects of fish oil-rich in MUFAs in these T2DM rats were partly due to the attenuation of insulin resistance and an improvement in the adipokine imbalance. The mechanisms of the anti-hyperglycemic effect are involved in the improvement of insulin signaling, AMPK activation, GLUT4 translocation and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein expressions.

Correlation between Intake and Composition of Fatty Acids in Meat from Lambs Fed Diets Containing Soybean Hulls.

The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the composition of fatty acids in the diet and Longissimus dorsi muscle of lambs diets containing different levels of soybean. The experiment was conducted at the campus UESB, Itapetinga-Ba, Brazil. In a randomized design, twenty five male uncastrated male sheep were used. The treatments consisted of different levels of substitution of corn by soybean hulls (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement) and elephant grass silage as roughage was supplied the experimental period of 110 days. After this period, the animals were slaughtered and samples of Longissimus dorsi were collected and vacuum-packed for later analysis of the profile of fatty acids. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to calculate the relationship between the composition of fatty acids consumed and intramuscular fatty acid content. The results demonstrated the existence positive correlation of moderate to strong between the consumed and the contained fatty acids in meat by increasing the content of conjugated linoleic acid, the acids from the n-3 and n-6 family reducing n-3 regarding the meat of lambs fed soybean hulls.

Modification of fatty acid composition in broiler chickens fed canola oil

This article describes the possibility of modifying the composition of fat tissue in broiler chickens fed canola oil, which is high in monounsaturated fatty acids. 128 one-day old broiler chickens, randomly assigned into 4 groups of 32 chicks each, received one of four diets containing 15% oil with different percentages of canola oil (diet 1: 0% canola oil, diet 2: 5% canola oil, diet 3: 10% canola oil and diet 4: 15% canola oil), for 31 days. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups of 8 chicks. The birds were sacrificed at day 45 to obtain tissue samples. The fatty acid composition was measured in meat (legs and breasts), fat (abdominal and subcutaneous) and plasma. An increase in oleic acid (p<0.01) was detected, as well as a decrease in linoleic acid (p<0.01), together with a slight increase in α-linolenic acid (p<0.05) with a higher percentage of canola oil. The composition of fat tissue was more representative of the dietary fatty acids than muscle tissue. In conclusion, canola oil increased the content of omega 9 and omega 3 fatty acids and decreased the content of omega 6 fatty acids in meat, fat and plasma in broiler chickens.

Diet enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids improves insulin sensitivity in adults with normal glucose tolerance by relieving oxidative stress / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Twenty healthy subjects in each of 3 groups were fed with monounsaturated fatty-acid diet,polyunsaturated fatty-acid diet, or saturated fatty-acid diet separately for 3 days. It suggested that monounsaturated fatty-acids may ameliorate the oxidative stress and improve insulin sensitivity.

Associação entre nutrientes da dieta e fatores de risco cardiovascular / Association of nutrients and cardiovascular risk factors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the infl uence of nutrients such as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and antioxidant vitamin (α-tocopherol) on the cardiovascular risk factors (BMI, CC, Total Cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and anti-LDLox autoantibodies). Data on food intake by 63 individuals at INCOR/SP/Brazil were collected by using 24-hour recalls and diet nutritional analysis (NutWin, version 5.1). After 12h fasting, blood samples were collected and the plasma was analyzed for: lipid profi le (colorimetric methods), autoantibodies against LDLox (ELISA) and α-tocopherol (HPLC). Habitual diet was evaluated by three 24-hour recalls (R24) and the nutritional composition was analyzed by NutWin, version 5.1. The population was divided in quartiles according to the consumption of nutrients and the results indicated that MUFA, PUFA and serum α-tocopherol showed association with the BMI, CC, Total Cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and anti-LDLox autoantibodies. These associations were signifi cant and negative with consumption. According to our results we can state that these nutrients are capable to modify the cardiovascular risk.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de los ácidos grasos mononsaturados (AGM), polinsaturados (AGP) y antioxidantes(α-tocoferol) sobre los marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C y autoanticuerpos anti-LDLox). La dieta habitual de sesenta y tres individuos del INCOR/SP/Brasil fue evaluada por medio de 3 recordatorios de 24h (R24h) y los nutrientes fueron analizados utilizando el programa NutWin, versión 5.1 Después de un ayuno de12h fueron recogidas muestras de sangre. Fueron determinados en el plasma: el perfi l lipidico (método colorimétrico), los autoanticuerposanti-LDLox (ELISA) y el α-tocoferol (HPLC). El análisis en cuartiles mostró que los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol Total, HDL-c, LDL-c y la producción de anticuer pos anti- LDLox) es tabanrelacionados negativamente con los nutrientes (AGM y AGP) evaluados por medio del R24h y con el α-tocoferol, identifi cado como marcadorbioquímico de consumo. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados podemos concluir que estos nutrientes son capaces de modifi car el riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência de nutrientes da dieta, tais como, ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA), ácidos graxospolinsaturados (PUFA) e vitamina antioxidante (α-tocoferol) sobre o risco cardiovascular. Foram coletadas informações sobre o consumoalimentar de 63 indivíduos do INCOR/SP/ Brasil, por meio de três recordatórios de 24 horas e realizada a análise da composição nutricional das dietas (NutWin, versão 5.1). Após jejum de 12h, as amostras de sangue foram coletadas, e a partir do plasma foramanali sados: o perfil lipídico (métodos colorimétricos), os autoanticorpos anti-LDLox (ELISA) e o α-tocoferol (HPLC). A análise em quartis demonstrou que os fatores de risco cardiovascular (IMC, CC, Colesterol Total, HDL-c, LDL-c e a geração de autoanticorpos anti-LDLox) apresentam associação negativa com os nutrientes (MUFA e PUFA) avaliados por meio do R24h e com o α-tocoferol , identifi cado como marcador bioquímico de consumo. De acordo com os nossos resultadospodemos concluir que esses nutrientes são capazes de modificar o risco para doença cardiovascular.